Cofilin knockdown host cells and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a host cell comprising a cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence. The host cell may further comprise a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant protein. The present invention also relates to a method for producing a recombinant protein by the host cell comprising a cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/412,598, filed Nov. 11, 2010, 61/469,395, filed Mar. 30, 2011, 61/530,561, filed Sep. 2, 2011, and 61/532,366, filed Sep. 8, 2011, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to host cells comprising a cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence to knock down or reduce production of cofilin protein in the host cells, and uses of the host cells for producing recombinant proteins.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian cell line for production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Generation of hyperproductive CHO cell lines likely involves the coordinated re-programming of multiple metabolic, secretory, and signaling pathways. To enhance recombinant protein production, such as biopharmaceuticals, in mammalian host cell lines, several strategies are currently employed including optimization of expression vectors and gene amplification methods, media composition and cell culture processes, and cell line engineering to alter apoptosis, growth rates, and metabolic pathways.

Gene silencing using RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a recent approach to alter signaling and metabolic pathways in CHO cells. CHO cell lines with improved viability, enhanced recombinant protein expression and stability, and increased efficacy of monoclonal antibodies were recently generated using RNAi technology. The recent development of genome-scale technologies permits direct cell engineering by manipulating single genes that play important roles in metabolic or regulatory pathways to generate high-producing cell lines. For example, during methotrexate (MTX)-amplification of CHO cells expressing human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), expression of the actin binding protein cofilin was found to decrease nearly 10-fold as specific SEAP productivity increased.

There remains a need for host cells, especially CHO cells, to be engineered to produce recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins at high levels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to cofilin knockdown host cells. In particular, the host cells comprise a cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence, and are used for producing recombinant proteins.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a host cell comprising a cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence is provided. The host cell produces less cofilin protein than a control cell, for example, by at least 10%.

The cofilin-specific siRNA sequence may comprise SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The host cell may express the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence transiently or stably.

The host cell may be a mammalian cell, and may be selected from the group consisting of 3T3, CHO, BHK, HeLa, NS0, and HepG2 cells and derivatives of these cells. Preferably, the host cell is a CHO cell. The host cell may be adherent or in suspension, preferably in suspension.

The host cell may further comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant protein. The host cell may produce the recombinant protein. Preferably, the host cell produces more recombinant protein than a control cell, for example, by at least 40%. The host cell may have been transfected with a vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant protein. The recombinant protein may be selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-EGFR mAb, anti-VEGF mAb, Factor VIII, anti-IgE mAb, anti-CD11a mAb, interferon-(, anti-TNFα mAb, anti-CD52 mAb, anti-HER2 mAb, and anti-CD20 mAb), human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), α-glucosidase, laronidase, Ig-CTLA4 fusion, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, luteinizing hormone, erythropoietin, TNFα receptor fusion, Factor IX, follicle stimulating hormone, β-glucocerebrosidase, and deoxyribonuclease I. Preferably, the recombinant protein is human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of producing a recombinant protein by a host cell comprising a cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence and a nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant protein is provided. The method comprises growing the host cell in a culture medium, wherein the host cell produces the recombinant protein. The host cell produces less cofilin protein than a control cell, for example, by at least 10%. The method may further comprise isolating the recombinant protein from the host cell.

In the method of the present invention, the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence may comprise SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The host cell may express the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence transiently or stably. The host cell may be a mammalian cell, and may be selected from the group consisting of 3T3, CHO, BHK, HeLa, NS0, and HepG2 cells and derivatives of these cells. Preferably, the host cell is a CHO cell. The host cell may be adherent or in suspension, preferably in suspension.

In the method of the present invention, the host cell may produce the recombinant protein at least 40% more than the control cell. The host cell may have been transfected with a vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant protein. The recombinant protein may be selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-EGFR mAb, anti-VEGF mAb, Factor VIII, anti-IgE mAb, anti-CD11a mAb, interferon-β, anti-TNFα mAb, anti-CD52 mAb, anti-HER2 mAb, and anti-CD20 mAb), human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), α-glucosidase, laronidase, Ig-CTLA4 fusion, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, luteinizing hormone, erythropoietin, TNFα receptor fusion, Factor IX, follicle stimulating hormone, β-glucocerebrosidase, and deoxyribonuclease I. Preferably, the recombinant protein is human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 shows expression and localization of ADF/cofilin in CHO cell lines: (A) expression of ADF/cofilin in CHO cell lines analyzed by western blotting, in which β-actin was used as a loading control, and (B) subcellular distribution of ADF/cofilin proteins in CHO cells. CHO-K1 cells were labeled with anti-ADF and anti-cofilin (upper panels). CHO-SEAP and CHO-tPA cells were labeled with anti-cofilin (upper panels). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (bottom panels). The scale bar represents 10 μM.

FIG. 2 shows transient cofilin reduction in CHO cells by siRNA: relative cofilin expression in (A) CHO-SEAP and (C) CHO-tPA cells analyzed by western blotting, in which β-actin was used as a loading control, and relative specific productivity of (B) CHO-SEAP and (D) CHO-tPA cells. CHO cells were treated with cofilin-specific (S1, S2, S12) or non-specific control (NC) siRNA. Samples were assayed 72-96 hrs post-transfection and are normalized to CHO-SEAP or CHO-tPA. The mean and standard error of the mean of four independent experiments are shown.

FIG. 3 shows cofilin reduction in suspension CHO cells by siRNA: (A) relative cofilin expression in suspension CHO-SEAP cells analyzed by western blotting, and (B) relative specific productivity of suspension CHO-SEAP cells. Suspension cells were treated with cofilin-specific (S1, S2, S12) or non-specific control (NC) siRNA. Samples were assayed 72-96 hrs post-transfection and normalized to CHO-SEAP. The mean and standard error of the mean of six independent experiments are shown.

FIG. 4 shows stable cofilin reduction in CHO cells by shRNA: relative cofilin expression in (A) CHO-SEAP and (C) CHO-tPA cells analyzed by western blotting, in which β-actin was used as a loading control, and relative specific productivity of (B) CHO-SEAP and (D) CHO-tPA cells. CHO cells expressed cofilin-specific shRNA (S1, S2, S12) or control (NC) vectors. Samples were normalized to CHO-SEAP or CHO-tPA. The mean and standard error of the mean of five independent experiments are shown.

FIG. 5 shows actin cytoskeleton changes in CHO cells expressing cofilin-specific shRNA. (A) CHO-SEAP cells expressing cofilin-specific shRNA (CHO-SEAP-S1) or an empty vector (CHO-SEAP-NC) were stained with phalloidin (white) (upper panels). Cells expressing shRNA vectors also express GFP (green) (middle panels). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (lower panels). The scale bar represents 10 μM. (B) Representative images of CHO cells stained with phalloidin that show fewer, average, or greater number of actin filaments are shown (white) (upper panels). Average percentage of cells that showed fewer, average, or greater number of actin filaments compared to CHO-SEAP cells (lower panel). For each cell type, 43-100 cells were evaluated over five independent experiments. The mean and standard error of the mean are shown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the discovery that selectively reducing the production level of an actin cytoskeletal regulatory protein, cofilin 1, by RNAi enhances specific productivity of recombinant proteins in CHO cells. The present invention relates to a direct cell engineering approach using RNAi to selectively reduce the production level of a cofilin protein in a host cell. Recombinant protein productivity is enhanced by using RNAi to destabilize the actin cytoskeleton in the host cell.

The terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used herein interchangeably, and refer to a polymer of amino acid residues with no limitation with respect to the minimum length of the polymer. Preferably, the protein or polypeptide has at least 20 amino acids. The definition includes both full-length proteins and fragments thereof, as well as modifications thereof (e.g., glycosylation, phosphorylation, deletions, additions and substitutions).

The term “polynucleotide” used herein refers to a polymer of nucleotide residues with no limitation with respect to the minimum length of the polymer. Preferably, the polynucleotide has at least 60 nucleotides. The polynucleotide may be a DNA, cDNA or RNA molecule.

The term “variant” of a protein or polynucleotide used herein refers to a polypeptide or polynucleotide having an amino acid or nucleic acid sequence that is the same as the amino acid or nucleic acid sequence of the protein or polynucleotide except having at least one amino acid or nucleic acid modified, for example, deleted, inserted, or replaced, respectively. A variant of a protein or polynucleotide may have an amino acid or nucleic acid sequence at least about 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%, preferably at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 95%, identical to the amino acid sequence or nucleic acid of the protein or polynucleotide.

Cofilin 1, also known as CFL1, is a member of the actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin family, which are ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved actin binding proteins. Three isoforms of cofilin are differentially expressed in mammals: cofilin 2 in muscle cells, cofilin 1 in non-muscle cells, and ADF in epithelial and endothelial cells. While cofilin 1 and ADF are co-expressed in cultured non-muscle mammalian cell lines, cofilin 1 is the more abundant isoform.

The term “cofilin protein” used herein refers to a full length cofilin protein, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. A cofilin protein may be cofilin 1, cofilin 2, or ADF. Cofilin protein sequences and gene sequences in various species (e.g., human, mouse, rat and Chinese hamster) are known in the art. For example, actual or predicted full-length mRNA sequences of human, mouse, rat and Chinese hamster cofilin 1 can be found in the GenBank database Accession Nos. NM_(—)005507.2, NM_(—)007687, NM_(—)017147, and XM_(—)003512921.1 and XM_(—)003502017.1, respectively. A functional fragment of a cofilin protein is a cofilin fragment capable of binding to and altering the actin filament structure. For example, a functional cofilin fragment may include amino acid residues 4 to 153 of the human cofilin 1 protein.

The present invention provides a host cell comprising a cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence. The host cell produces less cofilin protein than a control cell. A control cell is the same as the host cell except lacking the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence.

The host cell may be a mammalian cell, preferably a mammalian cell suitable for producing a recombinant protein. The host cell may be selected from the group consisting of 3T3, CHO, BHK, HeLa, HepG2 and NS0 cells, and derivatives of these cells. Preferably, the host cell is a CHO cell. The host cell may be adherent or in suspension, preferably in suspension.

The term “cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid sequence (RNA or DNA) capable of interfering with the expression of a cofilin gene and causing knockdown of the corresponding cofilin protein in a host cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence when compared with that in a control cell. The term “knockdown” of a protein used herein means reduced production of the protein. Conventional RNAi design and construction techniques may be used to make a cofilin-specific siRNA sequence complementary with a segment of the cofilin mRNA sequence in a host cell. Where the cofilin mRNA sequence is not known in a host cell, a cofilin cDNA may be isolated from the host cell using conventional techniques known in the art. For example, a cofilin cDNA has been isolated from CHO-K1 cells and sequenced to define target regions for gene silencing based on previously published siRNA design guidelines (Elbashir et al., Methods (2002) 26:199-213). Various sequence segments, preferably conserved regions within the cofilin cDNA sequence among different species may be selected. For example, the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence may comprise a sequence of 5′-CUAACUGCUACGAGGAGGU-3′(S1) (SEQ ID NO:1) or 5′-GAAGAACAUCAUCCUGGAG-3′ (S2) (SEQ ID NO:2), targeting a cofilin 1 mRNA segment sequence corresponding to CAAACTGCTACGAGGAGGT (SEQ ID NO: 3) or GAAGAACATCATCCTGGAG (SEQ ID NO: 4), respectively. siRNA duplexes may be synthesized, and screened for silencing efficiency in, for example, CHO-SEAP cells, which are CHO cells engineered to express human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), a model recombinant protein.

A cofilin-specific siRNA sequence may be introduced into a host cell by various transfection methods. An effective cofilin-specific siRNA sequence may be introduced in a host cell for stable expression using techniques known in the art, for example, via shRNA vectors. The host cell may express the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence transiently or stably, preferably stably. The level of a cofilin protein in the host cell is knocked down, or reduced compared with that in a control cell. For example, the cofilin 1 protein level may be knocked down by at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 20%, most preferably at least about 30%.

The host cell may further comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant protein. The host cell may produce the recombinant protein. Preferably, the host cell produces more recombinant protein than its control cell. For example, the host cell may produce at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99%, preferably at least about 40%, more preferably at least about 50%, most preferably at least about 60%, more than the control cell. The host cell may have been transfected with a vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant protein.

The recombinant protein may be any suitable biopharmaceutical protein. It may be selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-EGFR mAb, anti-VEGF mAb, Factor VIII, anti-IgE mAb, anti-CD11a mAb, interferon-β, anti-TNFα mAb, anti-CD52 mAb, anti-HER2 mAb, and anti-CD20 mAb), human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), α-glucosidase, laronidase, Ig-CTLA4 fusion, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, luteinizing hormone, erythropoietin, TNFα receptor fusion, Factor IX, follicle stimulating hormone, β-glucocerebrosidase, and deoxyribonuclease I. Preferably, the recombinant protein is human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

RNAi efficiency and recombinant protein productivity may be assessed by various techniques known in the art. For example, cofilin 1 levels and GFP expression from the shRNA vectors may be monitored via western blotting. CHO-SEAP and CHO-tPA cells treated with a siRNA may be harvested and equivalent cell lysates resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a Immobilon P membrane (Millipore). Samples may be probed with anti-cofilin, anti-actin, and anti-GFP antibodies (Sigma Aldrich) followed by alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-mouse-IgG and anti-rabbit-IgG (Sigma Aldrich) and bands may be visualized using enhanced chemifluorescence substrate (GE Amersham Biosciences). Specific productivity levels may be assayed 72-96 hrs post-transfection in siRNA-treated or during culture of shRNA-expressing CHO-SEAP and CHO-tPA cells. SEAP production may be determined by incubation of heat-inactivated supernatant from treated cells with alkaline phosphatase yellow liquid substrate (Sigma Aldrich) and measuring absorbance at 405 nm. tPA production may be determined by incubation of heat-inactivated substrate from treated cells with tPA chromogenic substrate (Sigma Aldrich) and measuring absorbance at 405 nm. Human placental alkaline phosphatase standards (Sigma Aldrich) and recombinant human tPA standards (Oxford Biomedical Research) may be assayed in parallel to quantify specific productivity in units/cell/day.

The present invention also provides a method of producing a recombinant protein in the host cell of the present invention. The method comprises growing the host cell in a culture medium, wherein the host cell produces the recombinant protein. The host cell comprises a cofilin-specific siRNA sequence and a nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant protein, and produces less cofilin protein than a control cell. The method may further comprise isolating the recombinant protein from the host cell.

The host cells are preferably maintained under conditions suitable for producing a recombinant protein. Conditions suitable for commonly used host cells (e.g., CHO) to produce a recombinant protein are known in the art. For example, CHO cells may be cultured in IMDM media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum in a humidified incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The recombinant protein may be isolated from the host cell using conventional techniques known in the art. For example, the recombinant protein may be purified from the culture medium if secreted by the host cell, or extracted from the host cell if retained in the host cell. The resulting mixture may contain at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 80% or 90% (by weight) of the recombinant protein.

In a method according to the present invention, the cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence is a nucleic acid sequence (RNA or DNA) capable of interfering with the expression of a cofilin gene and causing knockdown of the corresponding cofilin protein in a host cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence when compared with that in a control cell. The cofilin protein level may be knocked down by at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99%, preferably at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 20%, most preferably at least about 30%. The cofilin-specific siRNA sequence may target any sequence segment of a cofilin mRNA, preferably corresponding to a functional domain or region conserved among different mammalian species. For example, the siRNA sequence may comprise a sequence of 5′-CUAACUGCUACGAGGAGGU-3′ (S1) (SEQ ID NO:1) or 5′-GAAGAACAUCAUCCUGGAG-3′ (S2) (SEQ ID NO:2), targeting a cofilin 1 mRNA segment sequence corresponding to CAAACTGCTACGAGGAGGT (SEQ ID NO: 3) or GAAGAACATCATCCTGGAG (SEQ ID NO: 4), respectively. A cofilin-specific siRNA sequence may be introduced into a host cell by various transfection methods. The host cell may express the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence transiently or stably, preferably stably. The host cell may be adherent or in suspension, preferably in suspension.

In a method according to the present invention, the host cell may produce the recombinant protein at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99%, preferably at least about 40%, more preferably at least about 50%, most preferably at least about 60%, than the untreated host cell. The host cell may have been transfected with a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant protein. The recombinant protein may be selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-EGFR mAb, anti-VEGF mAb, Factor VIII, anti-IgE mAb, anti-CD11a mAb, interferon-β, anti-TNFα mAb, anti-CD52 mAb, anti-HER2 mAb, and anti-CD20 mAb), human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), α-glucosidase, laronidase, Ig-CTLA4 fusion, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, luteinizing hormone, erythropoietin, TNFα receptor fusion, Factor IX, follicle stimulating hormone, β-glucocerebrosidase, and deoxyribonuclease I. Preferably, the recombinant protein is human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

The term “about” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a percentage, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ±20% or ±10%, more preferably ±5%, even more preferably ±1%, and still more preferably ±0.1% from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate.

Example 1 Cofilin Expression in CHO Cells

The expression and subcellular localization of ADF/cofilin proteins in CHO-K1, CHO-SEAP and CHO-tPA cell lines was first examined. CHO-K1 cells were maintained as adherent cultures in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM, HyClone, Logan, Utah) supplemented with 10% dialyzed fetal bovine serum (dFBS, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). CHO-SEAP (Hayduk and Lee 2005) and CHO-tPA cells (ATCC CRL-9606) were maintained as adherent cultures in IMDM supplemented with 10% dFBS and 50 nM methotrexate (Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.). To determine growth rates of adherent cells, CHO cells were plated in 6-well plates at 0.05×10⁶ cells and viable cell counts, determined by trypan blue exclusion, were obtained every 2 days over a 10 day culture period. Average growth rates were calculated as previously described (Rasmussen et al. 1998).

Adherent CHO cells were resuspended at 1.0×10⁶ cells/mL in cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS), lysed with 5×SDS sample buffer (50% glycerol, 5% SDS, 0.1% bromophenol blue in 0.25 M Tris), and heated at 95° C. for 5 min. Samples were subjected to electrophoresis on 12% T acrylamide SDS gels and transferred to Immobilon P membrane (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). Samples were probed with anti-cofilin (1:1000, Sigma Aldrich), anti-ADF (1:500, Sigma Aldrich), and anti-β-actin (1:2000, Sigma Aldrich) followed by detection with alkaline phosphatase conjugated secondary antibodies (1:33,000, Sigma Aldrich). Western blots were developed using enhanced chemifluorescence substrate (GE Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) and imaged using a FLA-3000 Fujifilm scanner. Quantitative analysis was performed with ImageMaster 2D Platinum Software v5.0 (GE Amersham Biosciences).

CHO cells cultured in Lab-Tek II Chambers (Nalge Nunc International, Naperville, Ill.) were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Supplies, Hatfield, Pa.) in PBS for 10 min at room temperature (RT) and quenched with 10 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 10 min at RT. Fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% TritonX-100 (Sigma Aldrich) and labeled first with either anti-ADF or anti-cofilin (Sigma Aldrich) followed by Alexa Fluor 555-conjuated secondary antibody (Invitrogen). The actin cytoskeleton was labeled with Alexa Fluor 647-phalloidin (Invitrogen) and cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Invitrogen). Samples were imaged using a Zeiss LSM 510 NLO laser scanning microscope.

All three cell lines investigated expressed both ADF and cofilin, although expression of these proteins was higher in CHO-K1 cells than either recombinant CHO cell line (FIG. 1A). Both ADF and cofilin showed labeling throughout the cytoplasm in addition to nuclear labeling in CHO-K1 cells and cofilin localization was similar in recombinant CHO cell lines (FIG. 1B).

Example 2 RNAi Design and Transfection

CHO-K1 cDNA was prepared using the SuperScript III CellsDirect cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen). Cofilin 1 cDNA was amplified from CHO-K1 cDNA using the PCR primers 5′-AAACATGGCCTCTGGTGTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) and 5′-ACAAAGGCTTGCCCTCCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6), designed against conserved regions between mouse (NM_(—)007687) and rat (NM_(—)017147) cofilin 1 sequences.

Two siRNAs (5′-CUAACUGCUACGAGGAGGU-3′ (S1) (SEQ ID NO: 1) and 5′-GAAGAACAUCAUCCUGGAG-3′ (S2) (SEQ ID NO: 2), which target cofilin 1 mRNA segment sequences corresponding to CAAACTGCTACGAGGAGGT (SEQ ID NO: 3) and GAAGAACATCATCCTGGAG (SEQ ID NO: 4), respectively) and a non-specific control siRNA (siRNA Universal Negative Control #1) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.). Adherent CHO-SEAP and CHO-tPA cells were transfected with 90 nM siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) either once or twice on two consecutive days. Suspension CHO-SEAP cells were transfected in 50 mL CultiFlask bioreactors (Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Göttingen, Germany) with 90 nM siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000. Transfected cells were first cultured for 48 hrs to allow for siRNA-mediated silencing and then incubated an additional 24-48 hrs before assaying for cofilin protein depletion and recombinant protein productivity.

shRNA vectors were generated by cloning siRNA coding sequences into the GeneSilencer pGSH1-GFP shRNA expression vector (Genlantis, San Diego, Calif.). Briefly, DNA oligos (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, Iowa) were annealed and inserted into the linearized pGSH1-GFP vector. Oligos used for the pGSH1-GFP-S1 vector were 5′-GATCCGCTAA CTGCTACGAG GAGGTGAAGC TTGACCTCCT CGTAGCAGTT AGTTTTTTGG AAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) and 5′-GGCCGCTTCC AAAAAACAAA CTGCTACGAG GAGGTCAAGC TTCACCTCCT CGTAGCAGTT TGCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8). Oligos used for the pGSH1-GFP-S2 vector were 5′-GATCCGAAGA ACATCATCCT GGAGGAAGCT TGCTCCAGGA TGATGTTCTT CTTTTTTGGA AGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) and 5′-GGCCGCTTCC AAAAAAGAAG AACATCATCC TGGAGCAAGC TTCCTCCAGG ATGATGTTCT TCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10). An empty pGSH1-GFP vector was used as a negative control. Adherent CHO-SEAP and CHO-tPA cells were co-transfected with shRNA plasmid vectors and pcDNA3.1/Zeo (Invitrogen) with 4 μg total plasmid DNA using Lipofectamine 2000. Positive cells were selected by 500 μg/mL zeocin (Invitrogen).

Example 3 Transient Silencing of Cofilin Using siRNA

A partial cofilin 1 cDNA sequence was cloned and sequenced from CHO-K1 cells and used to design siRNAs targeting two different positions. These siRNA sequences were transfected individually (S1 or S2) or co-transfected together (S12) into recombinant CHO cell lines. As described in Examples 1 and 2, adherent CHO-SEAP and CHO-tPA cells were maintained, and transfected with cofilin-specific (S1, S2, S12) or non-specific (NC) control siRNAs and assayed for effects on recombinant protein production 72-96 hrs post-transfection.

Activity assays were used to monitor protein production from the supernatant of adherent and suspension cells. SEAP production was measured by dispensing 50 μL of CHO-SEAP culture supernatant, after dilution into IMDM and heat-inactivation for 30 min at 65° C., into a 96-well plate and adding 50 μL of alkaline phosphatase yellow liquid substrate (Sigma Aldrich). tPA production was measured by dispensing 8 μl of CHO-tPA culture supernatant into a 96-well plate and adding 72 μl of Tris buffer (30 mM Tris, 30 mM imidazole, 130 mM NaCl, pH 8.4) and 20 μl, of tPA chromogenic substrate (Sigma Aldrich). The activity assays were monitored by measuring absorbance at 405 nm at 37° C. using a Molecular Devices VersaMax microplate reader. Human placental alkaline phosphatase (Type XXIV, Sigma Aldrich) and recombinant human tPA (Oxford Biomedical Research, Oxford, Mich.) standards were assayed in parallel and used to construct standard curves. Specific productivity was calculated by normalizing by time and cell number.

In CHO-SEAP cells, a 57% (S2) to 77% (S12) reduction in cofilin expression (FIG. 2A) and a 71% (S2) to 93% (S1) increase in specific SEAP productivity (FIG. 2B) was observed in cells treated with cofilin-specific siRNA compared to a non-specific control siRNA. CHO-tPA cells transfected with an siRNA targeting cofilin showed a 45% (S2) to 62% (S1) reduction in cofilin expression (FIG. 2C) and a 41% (S12) to 49% (S1) enhancement of specific tPA productivity (FIG. 2D) compared to a non-specific siRNA.

To examine the effects of cofilin reduction in suspension cells, adherent CHO-SEAP cells were adapted into suspension culture in 125 mL shake flasks. Suspension CHO-SEAP cells were transfected with cofilin-specific (S1, S2, S12) or non-specific (NC) siRNAs and recombinant protein production was assayed 72-96 hrs post-transfection. A 34% (S2) to 47% (S1) reduction in cofilin expression (FIG. 3A) and an 8% (S2) to 55% (S1) increase in specific productivity (FIG. 3B) was observed in suspension cells treated with cofilin-specific siRNA.

Example 4 Stable Reduction of Cofilin by shRNA

To generate cell lines with long term cofilin depletion, siRNA sequences were cloned into GeneSilencer shRNA expression vectors. These plasmids allow for the continual production of shRNAs, which are processed inside the cell into siRNAs, and also express GFP to allow for identification of transfected cells. As described in Examples 1-3, the cells were maintained and the activity assays were used to monitor protein production.

Adherent CHO cells were co-transfected with individual cofilin shRNA plasmids (S1 and S2), a combination of cofilin shRNA plasmids (S12), or an empty shRNA vector (NC) along with a vector conferring zeocin resistance for selection of stable cell lines. CHO-SEAP cells expressing cofilin-specific shRNA vectors showed a 36% (S2) to 50% (S12) reduction in cofilin levels (FIG. 4A) and a 48% (S1) to 85% (S12) increase in specific SEAP productivity (FIG. 4B) compared to cells expressing an empty shRNA vector. CHO-tPA cells expressing cofilin-specific shRNA vectors showed a 32% (S12) to 35% (S1) decrease in cofilin expression (FIG. 4C) and a 26% (S12) to 47% (S1) enhancement of specific tPA productivity (FIG. 4D) compared to control cells.

The effect of cofilin reduction on cell growth was also examined. Recombinant CHO cells expressing both cofilin-specific and control shRNA vectors showed similar, although slightly slower growth rates compared to the parental CHO-SEAP and CHO-tPA cell lines (Table I). Viability for all CHO cell lines remained above 90% during the culture period.

TABLE I Average growth rates (doubling time) of CHO cell lines expressing shRNA vectors. Doubling Doubling Cell Line Time (hrs) Cell Line Time (hrs) CHO-SEAP 27.6 ± 1.9 CHO-tPA 25.7 ± 0.9 CHO-SEAP-S1 29.1 ± 2.2 CHO-tPA-S1 26.1 ± 0.5 CHO-SEAP-S2 28.1 ± 3.3 CHO-tPA-S2 28.1 ± 2.5 CHO-SEAP-S12 30.4 ± 2.5 CHO-tPA-S12 27.0 ± 1.2 CHO-SEAP-GSH1 29.1 ± 1.8 CHO-tPA-GSH1 27.3 ± 0.4

Example 5 Reduced Cofilin Expression Alters the Actin Cytoskeleton

The effect of cofilin reduction on cytoskeleton structure was examined in CHO-SEAP cells expressing an individual shRNA vector (CHO-SEAP-S1) or an empty shRNA vector control (CHO-SEAP-NC). As described in Examples 1-4, cells were maintained, and labeled with phalloidin to visualize actin filaments and cells expressing vectors were identified by GFP expression. Cofilin depletion by shRNA decreased the number of actin stress fibers in CHO-SEAP-S1 cells compared to control cells (FIG. 5A). Cells were subdivided into three categories and scored visually: cells showing average F-actin labeling, cells showing fewer actin filaments, and cells showing greater labeling of F-actin stress fibers (FIG. 5B). Approximately 80% of CHO-SEAP and CHO-SEAP-NC cells showed average F-actin labeling, whereas only 22% of CHO-SEAP-S1 cells displayed normal actin filament structure. More than 70% of CHO-SEAP-S1 cells showed fewer actin filaments and less than 10% showed more prominent labeling of actin filaments.

All documents, books, manuals, papers, patents, published patent applications, guides, abstracts, and/or other references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

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1. A host cell comprising a cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence, wherein the host cell produces less cofilin protein than a control cell.
 2. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:
 2. 3. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell expresses the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence transiently or stably.
 4. The host cell of claim 1, further comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant protein.
 5. The host cell of claim 4, wherein the host cell produces the recombinant protein.
 6. The host cell of claim 4, wherein the recombinant protein is selected from the group consisting of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), anti-EGFR mAb, α-glucosidase, laronidase, Ig-CTLA4 fusion, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, luteinizing hormone, anti-VEGF mAb, Factor VIII, anti-IgE mAb, anti-CD11a mAb, interferon-β, anti-TNFα mAb, erythropoietin, anti-CD52 mAb, anti-HER2 mAb, TNFα receptor fusion, Factor IX, follicle stimulating hormone, anti-CD20 mAb, β-glucocerebrosidase, and deoxyribonuclease I.
 7. The host cell of claim 4, wherein the recombinant protein is human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).
 8. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of 3T3, CHO, BHK, HeLa, NS0 and HepG2 cells.
 9. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a CHO cell.
 10. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell produces at least 10% cofilin protein less than the control cell.
 11. The host cell of claim 5, wherein the host cell produces at least 40% recombinant protein more than the control cell.
 12. A method of producing a recombinant protein by a host cell comprising a cofilin-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence and a nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant protein, comprising growing the host cell in a culture medium, wherein the host cell produces less cofilin protein than a control cell, and the host cell produces the recombinant protein.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising isolating the recombinant protein from the host cell.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:
 2. 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the host cell expresses the cofilin-specific siRNA sequence transiently or stably.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the host cell produces at least 10% cofilin protein less than the control cell.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the host cell produces at least 40% recombinant protein more than the control cell.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the recombinant protein is selected from the group consisting of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), anti-EGFR mAb, α-glucosidase, laronidase, Ig-CTLA4 fusion, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, luteinizing hormone, anti-VEGF mAb, Factor VIII, anti-IgE mAb, anti-CD11a mAb, interferon-β, anti-TNFα mAb, erythropoietin, anti-CD52 mAb, anti-HER2 mAb, TNFα receptor fusion, Factor IX, follicle stimulating hormone, anti-CD20 mAb, β-glucocerebrosidase, and deoxyribonuclease I.
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of 3T3, CHO, BHK, HeLa, NS0, and HepG2 cell.
 20. The method of claim 12, wherein the host cell is a CHO cell. 